Sun Tzu the Art of War Translated by Victor H Mair

For other uses, encounter The Art of War (disambiguation).

The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise attributed to Sun Tzu, a high-ranking military general, strategist and tactician. The text is equanimous of 13 chapters, each of which is devoted to 1 attribute of warfare. It is commonly known to be the definitive work on military strategy and tactics of its time. It has been the most famous and influential of Prc's 7 Armed forces Classics, and "for the terminal two g years information technology remained the well-nigh of import military treatise in Asia, where even the common people knew it past name."^[one] It has had an influence on Eastern and Western military machine thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and across.

The book was beginning translated into the French language in 1772 past French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and a partial translation into English language was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905. The showtime annotated English language translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910.^[two] Leaders equally various equally Mao Zedong, General Vo Nguyen Giap, General Douglas MacArthur and leaders of Royal Japan have drawn inspiration from the work.

i Themes
2 The 13 chapters
3 Chapter summary
4 Timeline
- 4.i Traditionalist viewpoint
- 4.2 Later criticism
- iv.3 Modern archaeological findings
- 4.iv Alternative viewpoints of origin
five Historical annotations
6 Quotations
- 6.i Chinese
- 6.ii English
7 Military and intelligence applications
8 Application exterior the armed services
ix Sources and translations
10 See as well
11 References
12 External links

Themes

Sun Tzu considered war as a necessary evil that must be avoided whenever possible. The war should be fought swiftly to avoid economic losses: "No long war ever profited whatsoever country: 100 victories in 100 battles is merely ridiculous. Anyone who excels in defeating his enemies triumphs before his enemy's threats become real". According to the book, one must avoid massacres and atrocities because this can provoke resistance and possibly allow an enemy to turn the war in his favor.^[3] For the victor, "the all-time policy is to capture the state intact; information technology should exist destroyed only if no other options are available".^[3]

Sunday Tzu emphasized the importance of positioning in military strategy. The determination to position an ground forces must be based on both objective atmospheric condition in the physical environment and the subjective beliefs of other, competitive actors in that surroundings. He idea that strategy was not planning in the sense of working through an established list, but rather that information technology requires quick and appropriate responses to irresolute conditions. Planning works in a controlled environment; just in a changing environs, competing plans collide, creating unexpected situations.

The xiii capacity

The Fine art of War is divided into 13 chapters (or piān); the collection is referred to as being one zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "relate").

*The Art of War* affiliate names and contents
Chapter	Lionel Giles (1910)	R.L. Fly (1988)	Ralph D. Sawyer (1996)	Chow-Hou Wee (2003)	Michael Nylan (2020)	Ethan Nonetheless(2020)	Contents
I	Laying Plans	The Calculations	Initial Estimations	Detail Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計)	Showtime Calculations	Calculations before the state of war	Explores the v central factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and seven elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements. Past thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that state of war is a very grave thing for the state and must not be commenced without due consideration.
Two	Waging War	The Challenge	Waging War	Waging State of war (Chinese: 作戰)	Initiating Battle	Process of war	Explains how to understand the economic system of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the price of contest and disharmonize.
III	Attack by Stratagem	The Plan of Attack	Planning Offensives	Strategic Attack (Chinese: 謀攻)	Planning an Attack	Utilize strategy to assail	Defines the source of strength as unity, non size, and discusses the v factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In social club of importance, these critical factors are: Assail, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities.
IV	Tactical Dispositions	Positioning	Military Disposition	Disposition of the Army (Chinese: 軍形)	Forms to Perceive	Form	Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches non to create opportunities for the enemy.
V	Apply of Free energy	Directing	Strategic Military Power	Forces (Chinese: 兵勢)	The Disposition of Ability	Position	Explains the use of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum.
VI	Weak Points and Stiff	Illusion and Reality	Vacuity and Substance	Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實)	Weak and Strong	Full and Hollow tactics	Explains how an ground forces's opportunities come up from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given area.
Seven	Maneuvering an Ground forces	Engaging The Strength	Military Gainsay	Military Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭)	Contending Armies	Apply the army to compete	Explains the dangers of directly conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
Eight	Variation of Tactics	The 9 Variations	9 Changes	Variations and Adaptability (Chinese: 九變)	Nine Contingencies	Ix contingency measures	Focuses on the need for flexibility in an regular army'due south responses. Information technology explains how to answer to shifting circumstances successfully.
Ix	The Army on the March	Moving The Force	Maneuvering the Army	Motion and Development of Troops (Chinese: 行軍)	Fielding the Army	Marching	Describes the different situations in which an army finds itself every bit it moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
X	Nomenclature of Terrain	Situational Positioning	Configurations of Terrain	Terrain (Chinese: 地形)	Conformations of the Lands	Terrain	Looks at the 3 general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the six types of footing positions that ascend from them. Each of these six field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages.
XI	The Nine Situations	The Nine Situations	Nine Terrains	The Nine Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地)	Nine Kinds of Ground	Nine situations of terrain	Describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from scattering to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will demand in order to successfully navigate them.
XII	Attack past Fire	The Fiery Assail	Incendiary Attacks	Attacking with Fire (Chinese: 火攻)	Attacks with Burn down	Assail with burn	Explains the general utilise of weapons and the specific employ of the environment as a weapon. This section examines the v targets for assail, the five types of ecology attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
Xiii	Use of Spies	The Use of Intelligence	Employing Spies	Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間)	Using Spies	Using Spies	Focuses on the importance of developing proficient information sources, and specifies the v types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.

Chapter summary

Laying Plans/The Calculations explores the five fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership and management) and 7 elements that determine the outcomes of military machine engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparison these points, a commander tin can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper activity. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must not exist commenced without due consideration.
Waging War/The Claiming explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful war machine campaigns require limiting the toll of competition and conflict.
Attack by Stratagem/The Programme of Attack defines the source of strength equally unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In society of importance, these critical factors are: Assail, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities.
Tactical Dispositions/Positioning explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches non to create opportunities for the enemy.
Energy/Directing explains the utilise of inventiveness and timing in edifice an regular army's momentum.
Weak Points & Strong/Illusion and Reality explains how an ground forces'southward opportunities come from the openings in the environs caused past the relative weakness of the enemy in a given area.
Maneuvering/Engaging The Force explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
Variation in Tactics/The 9 Variations focuses on the need for flexibility in an army's responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
The Ground forces on the March/Moving The Force describes the different situations in which an ground forces finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to answer to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
Terrain/Situational Positioning looks at the three general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the six types of footing positions that arise from them. Each of these six field positions offer certain advantages and disadvantages.
The 9 Situations/Nine Terrains describes the nine mutual situations (or stages) in a campaign, from handful to mortiferous, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them.
The Assault past Fire/Fiery Attack explains the general utilize of weapons and the specific apply of the surroundings equally a weapon. This section examines the five targets for assault, the five types of ecology attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
The Use of Spies/The Use of Intelligence focuses on the importance of developing adept information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Timeline

Traditionalist viewpoint

Traditionalist scholars attribute the writings of Lord's day Tzu to the historical Sun Wu, who is recorded in both the Records of the One thousand Historian (Shiji) and the Leap and Autumn Annals as having been active in Wu around the terminate of the sixth century BC, beginning in 512 BC. The traditional estimation concludes that the text should therefore date from this menstruation, and should directly reflect the tactics and strategies used and created by Sun Wu. The traditionalist approach assumes that but very minor revisions may have occurred shortly after Lord's day Wu'southward death, in the early fifth century BC, equally the body of his writings may have needed to be compiled in order to form the complete, modern text.^[four]

The textual back up for the traditionalist view is that several of the oldest of the Seven War machine Classics share a focus on specific literary concepts (such as terrain classifications) which traditionalist scholars assume were created by Sunday Tzu. The Art of War besides shares several entire phrases in common with the other Military Classics, implying that other texts borrowed from the Art of War, and/or that The Fine art of War borrowed from other texts. According to traditionalist scholars, the fact that The Fine art of War was the virtually widely reproduced and circulated war machine text of the Warring States period indicates that any textual borrowing between military texts must have been exclusively from The Fine art of War to other texts and non vice versa.^[5] The classical texts which most similarly reflect Sun Tzu's terms and phraseology are the Wei Liaozi and Sun Bin'southward Art of War.^[6]

Later criticism

Skeptics to the traditionalist view within China accept abounded since at to the lowest degree the time of the Song dynasty. Some, following Du Mu, defendant The Art of War's beginning commentator, Cao Cao, of butchering the text.^[vii] The criticisms of Cao Cao were based on a Book of Han bibliographical notation of a work equanimous of eighty-two sections that was attributed to Sunday Tzu.^[8] ^[9] The clarification of a work by Lord's day Tzu composed of lxxx-two sections contrasts with the description of the Art of War from the Records of the M Historian (Shiji), in which the Fine art of War is described as having thirteen sections (the current number). Others doubted Lord's day Tzu's historical beingness and claimed that the work must be a afterwards forgery. Much of The Art of War's historical condemnation within People's republic of china has been due to its realistic approach to warcraft: information technology advocates utilizing spies and charade. The advocacy of dishonest methods contradicted perceived Confucian values, making it a target of Confucian literati throughout later Chinese history. According to later Confucian scholars, Sun Tzu'south historical existence was accordingly a late fabrication, unworthy of consideration except by the morally reprehensible.^[10]

If the modern text of The Art of War reflects contrasting interpretations of the value in chivalry in warfare, the existence of these differing interpretations within the text supports the theory that the core of The Art of State of war was created past a figure (for example: the historical Sun Tzu) who existed at a fourth dimension when chivalry was more highly valued (i.eastward., the Leap and Autumn period), and that the text was amended by his followers to reflect the realities of warfare in a subsequent, distinctly un-chivalric menstruum (i.e., the Warring States period).^[10]

Modern archaeological findings

On April 10, 1972, the Yinqueshan Han Tombs were accidentally unearthed past structure workers in Shandong.^[11] ^[12] Scholars uncovered a nearly complete Western Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) copy of The Art of War, known as the Yinqueshan Han Slips, which is nigh completely identical to mod editions, lends support that The Art of War had accomplished its current grade past at least the early Han dynasty, and findings of less-complete copies dated earlier back up the view that it existed in roughly its current grade by at least the time of the mid-late Warring States. Because the archaeological evidence proves that The Art of War existed in its present form by the early Han dynasty, the Han dynasty record of a piece of work of lxxx-two sections attributed to Sun Tzu is assumed by modern historians to be either a mistake, or a lost work combining the existing The Fine art of War with biographical and dialectical material. Some modern scholars suggest that The Fine art of War must have existed in 13 sections before Dominicus Tzu met the King of Wu, since the king mentions the number 13 in the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) description of their meeting.^[x] ^[13]

Alternative viewpoints of origin

Some modernistic historians^{[ which? ]} challenge the traditionalist estimation of the text's history. Fifty-fifty if the possibility of later revisions is disregarded, the traditionalist interpretation that Sun Tzu created The Art of State of war himself ( ex nihilo ), and that all other military scholars must have copied and borrowed from him, disregards the likelihood of any previous formal or literary tradition of tactical studies, despite the historical existence of over ii,000 years of Chinese warfare and tactical development earlier 500 BC. Because it is unlikely that Lord's day Tzu created People's republic of china'due south entire body of tactical studies, "bones concepts and common passages seem to argue in favor of a comprehensive war machine tradition and evolving expertise, rather than creation ex nihilo."^[5]

Ane modern alternative to the traditionalist theory states that The Fine art of War accomplished its current form by the mid-to-late Warring States (the fourth-to-tertiary century BC), centuries afterward the historical Sun Tzu's decease. This estimation relies on disparities betwixt The Fine art of State of war'southward tactics and the historical conditions of warfare in the late Spring and Autumn catamenia (the tardily 6th century BC). Examples of warfare described in The Art of War which did not occur until the Warring States period include:

the mobilization of one one thousand chariots and 100,000 soldiers for a single battle
protracted sieges (cities were small-scale, weakly fortified, economically and strategically unimportant centers in the Bound and Autumn menstruum)
the existence of military officers as a distinct subclass of nobility
deference of rulers' right to command armies to these officers
the avant-garde and detailed utilise of spies and unorthodox tactics (never emphasized at all in the Leap and Autumn period)
the extensive accent on infantry speed and mobility, rather than chariot warfare

Considering the conditions and tactics advocated in The Fine art of State of war are historically anachronistic to the historical Sunday Tzu'due south time, it is possible that The Art of War was created in the mid-to-late Warring States flow.^[14]

A view that mediates between the traditionalist interpretation that the historical Dominicus Tzu was the only creator of The Art of War in the Spring and Fall Period and the contrary view, that The Fine art of State of war was created in the mid-belatedly Warring States period centuries after Sun Tzu'south death, suggests that the cadre of the text was created by Sun Tzu and underwent a period of revision before achieving roughly its current form inside a century of Sunday Tzu'southward death (in the last one-half of the fifth-century BC).

It seems likely that the historical figure (of Sun Tzu) existed, and that he not only served as a strategist and perchance a full general, just also composed the cadre of the book that bears his proper noun. Thereafter, the essential teachings were probably transmitted within the family unit or a close-knit school of disciples, being improved and revised with the passing decades while gradually gaining wider dissemination.^[fifteen]

The view that The Fine art of War achieved roughly its current class by the belatedly fifth-century BC is supported by the recovery of the oldest existing fragments of The Art of State of war and past the assay of the prose of The Art of War, which is similar to other texts dated more definitively to the late fifth-century BC (i.east. Mozi ), simply different either to earlier (i.due east. The Analects ) or afterwards (i.due east. Xunzi ) literature from roughly the same period.^[6] This theory accounts both for the historical record attributing The Fine art of War to Sun Tzu and for the description of tactics anachronistic to Dominicus Tzu's fourth dimension within The Fine art of War.

Not all combat elements in The Fine art of War are anachronisms. One major missing element from The Art of War is the army's use of cavalry which was more often than not employed by 307 BC in People's republic of china,^[16] during the Warring States period but a century later on the Bound and Autumn period, thereby validating the traditionalist theory.

Historical annotations

Before the bamboo scroll version was discovered past archaeologists in Apr 1972, a ordinarily cited version of The Fine art of State of war was the Note of Sun Tzu'southward Strategies past Cao Cao, the founder of the Kingdom of Wei.^[2] In the preface, he wrote that previous annotations were non focused on the essential ideas.

Later on the movable type printer was invented, The Fine art of War (with Cao Cao'southward annotations) was published in a military machine textbook along with half-dozen other strategy books, collectively known as the Seven Armed services Classics (武經七書 / 武经七书).^[17] As required reading in armed services textbooks since the Song Dynasty, more than 30 differently annotated versions of these books exist today.

The Book of Sui documented seven books named later on Sun Tzu. An note by Du Mu besides includes Cao Cao's annotation. Li Jing's The Art of State of war is said to exist a revision of Master Sun's strategies. Annotations by Cao Cao, Du Mu and Li Quan were translated into the Tangut language earlier year 1040. Other annotations cited in official history books include Shen You lot'south (176-204) Sun Tzu'south Military Strategy, Jia Xu's Copy of Sun Tzu's Military Strategy, and Cao Cao and Wang Ling's Sunday Tzu's Military Strategy.

Quotations

Chinese

Verses from the book occur in modernistic daily Chinese idioms and phrases, such as the concluding verse of Chapter 3:

故曰：知彼知己，百戰不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼，不知己，每戰必殆。

So information technology is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you can win a hundred battles without a single loss.
If you just know yourself, but not your opponent, you may win or may lose.
If you know neither yourself nor your enemy, y'all volition always endanger yourself.

This has been more tersely interpreted and condensed into the Chinese modern proverb:

知己知彼，百戰不殆。 (Zhī jǐ zhī bǐ, bǎi zhàn bù dài.)

If y'all know both yourself and your enemy, you tin win numerous (literally, "a hundred") battles without jeopardy.

English

Mutual examples can as well be plant in English use, such equally verse 18 in Chapter i:

兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近

All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when we are able to set on, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must appear inactive; when nosotros are near, nosotros must make the enemy believe we are far abroad; when far away, we must make him believe we are nearly.

This has been abbreviated to its most basic form and condensed into the English language mod saying:

All warfare is based on charade.

Military and intelligence applications

In many East Asian countries, The Art of War was role of the syllabus for potential candidates of war machine service examinations. Diverse translations are available.

During the Sengoku era in Japan, a daimyo named Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to accept become nigh invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied The Art of War.^[xviii] The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous boxing standard "Fūrinkazan" (Air current, Forest, Burn down and Mountain), significant fast equally the air current, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain.

The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Lord's day Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where The Art of State of war is cited as influencing Mao'south On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War and Strategic Issues of China's Revolutionary War, and includes Mao's quote: "We must not scoff the proverb in the volume of Lord's day Wu Tzu, the neat military expert of aboriginal China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and yous can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'"^[18]

During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers studied The Art of War and reportedly could recite entire passages from retentivity.

General Vo Nguyen Giap successfully implemented tactics described in The Art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South^{[ citation needed ]}. General Vo, later on the main PVA military commander in the Vietnam War, was an gorging student and practitioner of Sun Tzu'southward ideas^{[ citation needed ]}. America's defeat in that location, more than than whatever other issue, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of American armed services theory.^[19] ^[20] ^[21]

Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art of War. They both read it in French; Airo kept the French translation of the book on his bedside table in his quarters^{[ citation needed ]}.

The Department of the Regular army in the United States, through its Command and Full general Staff College, lists The Art of War as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library.^[22]

The Art of State of war is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant'south Reading List). It is recommended reading for all Us Military Intelligence personnel and is required reading for all CIA officers.^[23]

According to some authors, the strategy of deception from The Fine art of War was studied and widely used past the KGB: "I will force the enemy to accept our force for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his forcefulness into weakness".^[24] The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel Le Montage

Application outside the military

The Fine art of War has been applied to many fields well outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do battle: it gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent and so that concrete battle is not necessary. As such, it has found application equally a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat.

In that location are business books applying its lessons to role politics and corporate strategy.^[25] ^[26] ^[27] Many Japanese companies make the volume required reading for their central executives.^[28] The book is also popular among Western business concern management, who have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive concern situations. It has also been applied to the field of educational activity.^[29]

The Art of War has been the field of study of law books^[30] and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.^[31] ^[32] ^[33] ^[34]

The Art of War has too been applied in the world of sports. NFL coach Bill Belichick is known to have read the volume and used its lessons to gain insights in preparing for games.^[35] Australian cricket as well equally Brazilian association football game coaches Luis Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to have embraced the text. Scolari made the Brazilian World Cup squad of 2002 study the aboriginal work during their successful campaign.^[36]

Sources and translations

Dominicus Tzu translated and annotated past Lionel Giles (2005). The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. El Paso Norte Press. ISBN 0-9760726-9-half-dozen.
Lord's day Tzu translated and annotated by R. Fifty. Wing (1988). The Art of Strategy. Chief Street Books. ISBN 0-385-23784-vii.
Dominicus Tzu translated and annotated by Ralph D. Sawyer (1994). The Art of State of war. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 1-56619-297-8.
Lord's day Tzu translated and annotated by Grub-Hou Wee (2003). Sunday Zi Fine art of War: An Illustrated Translation with Asian Perspectives and Insights. Pearson Instruction Asia. ISBN 0-13-100137-Ten.
Lord's day Tzu translated and annotated by Samuel B. Griffith (1963). The Art of War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-xix-501476-6.
Sun Tzu translated past John Minford (2002). The Fine art of War. Viking. ISBN 0-670-03156-9.
Sunday Tzu translated past Thomas Cleary (1991). The Art Of War. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 0-87773-537-9.
Sun Tzu translated by Victor H. Mair (2007). The Art of War: Sun Zi's Military Methods. Columbia Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13382-1.
Sunday Tzu edited by James Clavell (1983). The Fine art of War. Delacorte Printing. ISBN 0-385-29216-3.
Sunday-Tzu translated past Roger Ames (1993). The Fine art of Warfare. Random House. ISBN 0-345-36239-X. .
Sun Tzu translated past the Denma translation grouping (2001). The Fine art of War: the Denma translation. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 1-57062-904-eight.
Dominicus Tzu translated by J.H. Huang (1993). The Art of War: The New Translation. Quill William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-12400-3.
Sun Tzu translated past Donald G. Krause (1995). The Art of War For Executives. Berkely Publishing Group; Perigee Books. ISBN 0-399-51902-5.
Sun Tzu translated by Stephen F. Kaufman (1996). The Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu'south Archetype Book of Strategy. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3080-0.
Lord's day Tzu translated by Yuan Shibing (1987). Sun Tzu'southward Art of State of war: The Modern Chinese Interpretation. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.. ISBN 0-8069-6638-half-dozen.
Lord's day Tzu translated and annotated by Thomas Huynh and the Editors of Sonshi.com (2008). The Art of War: Spirituality for Disharmonize. Skylight Paths Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59473-244-seven
Sun Tzu translated in Hindi by Madhuker Upadhyay (2001). 'Yudhkala'. ISBN 81-7778-041-7
Sun Tzu (2003). The Fine art of War plus The Ancient Chinese Revealed. translated past Gary Gagliardi. Hillsborough, Washington: Clearbridge Publishing. ISBN 1-929194-42-0.

See as well

Philosophy of war
Listing of war machine writers
Records of the Thousand Historian
The 33 Strategies of War
The 48 Laws of Power
The Art of War (Machiavelli)
The Art of War (de Jomini)
The Book of Five Rings (Miyamoto Musashi)
On State of war
Arthashastra
Epitoma rei militaris of Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
Guo Huaruo

References

↑ Sawyer, Ralph D. The Seven Armed services Classics of Ancient Mainland china. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 149.
↑ ^ii.0 ^two.1 Giles, Lionel The Art of War by Lord's day Tzu - Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
↑ ^iii.0 ^3.1 Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Blackness Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-vii, page 467.
↑ Sawyer, Ralph D. The Seven Armed services Classics of Aboriginal China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. pp. 149–150.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Sawyer, Ralph D. The Seven Armed services Classics of Aboriginal China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 150.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.one Sawyer, Ralph D. The 7 Armed services Classics of Aboriginal China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 422.
↑ 孙子 - 山东文化网
↑ 七．银雀山：兵法与战争
↑ 汉简孙武兵法八十二篇张氏家传手抄本序
↑ ^10.0 ^ten.1 ^10.2 Sawyer, Ralph D. The Vii War machine Classics of Ancient Prc. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 423.
↑ "Yinqueshan Han Bamboo Slips" (in Chinese). Shandong Provincial Museum. 24 April 2008. http://www.sdwenbo.com/art.asp?id=26&type=6.
↑ Jonathan Clements (21 June 2012). The Art of War: A New Translation. Constable & Robinson Ltd. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-ane-78033-131-7.
↑ 新中国成立以来《孙子兵法》文献学研究综述
↑ Sawyer, Ralph D. The 7 Military Classics of Ancient China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 421.
↑ Sawyer, Ralph D. The Seven Military Classics of Aboriginal China. New York: Bones Books. 2007. pp. 150–151.
↑ Ebrey, The Cambridge Illustrated History of Cathay, 29 thirty.
↑ 宋刻本《十一家注孙子》汇考
↑ ^xviii.0 ^18.i Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford University Press. p. 17, 141-143.
↑ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with Sonshi
↑ McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003.[1]
↑ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). The Illustrated Fine art of State of war: Sun Tzu. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B00B91XX8U
↑ Regular army, U. South. (1985). Military History and Professional Development. U. South. Army Command and Full general Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. 85-CSI-21 85.
↑ Marine Corps Professional person Reading Plan
↑ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia--Past, Nowadays, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-v, chapter Who was behind perestroika?
↑ Michaelson, Gerald. "Dominicus Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; l Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
↑ McNeilly, Marking. "Dominicus Tzu and the Art of Business concern : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford University Press, 1996.
↑ Krause, Donald One thousand. "The Art of War for Executives: Ancient Knowledge for Today's Business organisation Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
↑ Kammerer, Peter. "The Fine art of Negotiation." South China Morning Postal service (April 21, 2006) pg. fifteen
↑ Jeffrey, D. "A Instructor Diary Written report to Apply Aboriginal Fine art of War Strategies to Professional Development" in The International Journal of Learning: Common Ground Publishing, United states of america, 2010. Volume 7, Issue 3, pp. 21–36
↑ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
↑ Balch, Christopher D., "The Fine art of State of war and the Fine art of Trial Advocacy: Is In that location Mutual Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861-873
↑ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation [two]
↑ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sun Tzu's The Art of War to Trial Advocacy" April 21, 2007, [3]
↑ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Art of War: Pursuing Electronic Testify as Your Corporate Opportunity" [iv]
↑ "Put crafty Belichick'southward patriot games down to the fine art of state of war". The Sydney Morn Herald. 2005-02-04. http://www.smh.com.au/news/Sport/Put-crafty-Belichicks-patriot-games-down-to-the-fine-art-of-war/2005/02/03/1107409980481.html.
↑ Wintertime, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Mind games reach new high as Scolari studies art of state of war". Irish Independent . http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/mind-games-achieve-new-high-as-scolari-studies-art-of-state of war-95223.html.

External links

The Art of War Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project
The Art of State of war translated past Lionel Giles (1910)' at Project Gutenberg
Art of War audio volume, public domain solo recording by Moira Fogarty at Net Annal
The Fine art of War, Restored version of Lionel Giles translation: Direct link to PDF PDF (216 KB))
Sun Tzu France French reference website concerning The Art of State of war

leethaturrouret.blogspot.com

Source: https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/The_Art_of_War